The exceptional warmth in France (and most of the northern hemisphere from what I can gather) this year has everyone talking – incorrectly as usual – about the été indien which is a literal translation of Indian summer.
The real meaning of l’été indien is a period of unseasonably warm, dry weather after the first frosts in autumn and just before winter. It occurs either in October or the beginning of November and can last from a few days to more than a week or not happen at all.
Most French people use été indien to mean the warm sunny days that we often get in September and then use été de la Saint-Martin or été de Vireux for what is known as an Indian summer, defined by the US National Weather Service as conditions that are sunny and clear with above normal temperatures, occurring late-September to mid-November. It is usually described as occurring after a killing frost.
The Old Farmer’s Almanac has additional criteria:
“As well as being warm, the atmosphere during Indian summer is hazy or smoky, there is no wind, the barometer is standing high, and the nights are clear and chilly. A moving, cool, shallow polar air mass is converting into a deep, warm, stagnant anticyclone (high pressure) system, which has the effect of causing the haze and large swing in temperature between day and night. The time of occurrence is important: The warm days must follow a spell of cold weather or a good hard frost. The conditions described above must occur between St. Martin’s Day (November 11) and November 20. For over 200 years, The Old Farmer’s Almanac has adhered to the saying, ‘If All Saints’ (November 1) brings out winter, St. Martin’s brings out Indian summer.’ ” Much more strict than our current use.
Saint Martin actually died in Candes on November 8 but the fête de l’été de la Saint-Martin is celebrated on November 11 – don’t ask me why.
Vireux is more problematic. My Robert Etymological Dictionary is still in a carton somewhere (and I can’t find the notebook linking up the carton numbers with their contents …). Vireux normally means noxious but it also comes from virer meaning change, seen in expressions such as virer de tout vent – to be as changeable as a weathercock.
It sound like a plausible explanation, doesn’t it? The idea of changing over to winter.
What do you call an Indian summer in your country?
Verão do Stº Martinho, the same, first or second week of November for as long as anyone remembers
So it’s known in Portugal as well!!
For us it’s any considerably warm spell after that first hard frost. We didn’t really have it this year- it’s been consistently cool and wet this fall.
Thank you William for that information. I’m sorry your autumn has been so wet.
I always thought it was warmer weather in early autumn i.e September or October (northern hemisphere or here “Down Under” late May or even early June though this year we had a very cold June in Perth by our standards!). So I have been enlightened thanks! I have heard from my relatives about the unusually warm weather they’ve been having – 22 degrees in London on Hallowe’en and even up north in Yorkshire 20 degrees (my dad was in shirtsleeves when I Skyped him)! It must be lovely – hope the winter isn’t too cold or the spring (we shall be over in the UK and Germany then!) 🙂
Yes we are wondering what the winter will bring. It was mild last year and very cold the year before.
Very interesting post. I didn’t know that in the indian summer the days are hazy. Here in the USA, the atmosphere is not hazy or smoky in the indian summer, on the contrary it’s extremely clear and beautiful.
One day I will go to the US and Canada for the autumn and experience all those wonderful colours.